2023 Neco Geography Answers

*GEOGRAPHY OBJ*
01-10: AAEBDBDCDD
10-20: ECBBAAAEDA
21-30: AECDACDBAC
31-40: BADDADDDEC
41-50: BCADDEDEAA
51-60: EACDBDACBE

(4a)
{CHOOSE ANY BEST 2 AND DRAW}
(i) Convectional Rainfall.
(ii) Orographic or Relief Rainfall.
(iii) Cyclonic or Frontal Rainfall.

{EXPAINATION}
(i) Convectional Rainfall: This type of rainfall occurs in the areas intensely heated. Hot/Warm air, accompanied by rise in relative humidity takes place. The rising air becomes saturated and water vapour condenses with cloud being formed quickly. This results in the heavy rains, accompanied by thunder and lightning. Its features includes;
– It falls within short distances.
– It occurs in the afternoon.
– Convectional rainfall is normally accompanied by lightning and thunder.

(ii) Orographic or Relief Rainfall: In orographic rainfall moist air is forced to rise above a mountain/relief barrier, usually on the windward slopes of mountain. Rising air expands and becomes cooler and relative humidity rises and air becomes saturated. Water vapour condenses, cloud is formed with rainfall on the windward slope and descending air on the leeward side. Its features includes;
– It is also characterized by ascending and descending wind.
– Windward area has rainfall while leeward side has little or no rainfall.

(iii) Cyclonic or Frontal Rainfall: This type of rainfall is neither caused by orographic nor conventional. It is purely associated with two different air masses of varying temperature difference. It is a convergence of two characteristically different air masses or other physical properties. The meeting of tropical warm air and the polar cold air usually result in this type of rainfall. Its Features includes;
– It is characterized by fronts and weather system in mid latitudes.
– It covers extensive area and moves from the West to the East in the northern hemisphere and vice-versa in the south.
– Cyclonic rainfall is common between latitude 50°N – 70°N and 50°S and 70°S of the equator.

 

(4bi)
Lapse rate: Lapse rate is defined as the rate of change in temperature with altitude or the decrease in air temperature as one ascends into the atmosphere. Therefore, Lapse rate is described as 0.65°C per 100m of ascent or 6.5°C per 1000m of ascent.

(4bii)
Inversion: Temperature inversion is defined as the increase in temperature with increasing altitude. Temperature could be lower at sea level, especially in valley ms almost enclosed by mountains than at height above such valleys.

(4biii)
Dew Point: It represents the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor, leading to the formation of dew, fog, or clouds. In simpler terms, it is the temperature at which the air would need to be cooled for water vapor to condense into liquid water.

(6a)
{CHOOSE ANY BEST 2 AND DRAW}
(i) Arcuate.
(ii) Bird’s Foot.
(iii) Estuarine Delta.

{EXPLANATION}
(i) Arcuate: This delta consists of both coarse and fine sediments and has the shape of an inverted cone. It is crossed by many distributaries. Very good examples of Arcuate deltas are the Niger (Nigeria), Nile (Egypt) and Hwan – Ho.

(ii) Bird’s Foot: This delta consists of very fine materials referred to as “silt” with several long distributaries like the foot of a bird extending into the sea. The Mississippi Delta and the Delta of Omo River in Ethiopia are good examples.

(iii) Estuarine Delta: This delta is formed from materials deposited in the submerged mouth of a river. It takes the shape of the estuary. A typical example of this type of delta can be located in River Seine (Netherlands) and River Vistula (Poland).

(6b)
(i) It is good for transportation. i.e. Ports.
(ii) It is equally good for petroleum mining.
(iii) Delta provides a good agricultural land especially for cultivation of rice, oil palm and raffia palm. e.g. River Niger.
(iv) It is also good for fishing.
(6a)
{CHOOSE ANY BEST 2 AND DRAW}
(i) Arcuate.
(ii) Bird’s Foot.
(iii) Estuarine Delta.

{EXPLANATION}
(i) Arcuate: This delta consists of both coarse and fine sediments and has the shape of an inverted cone. It is crossed by many distributaries. Very good examples of Arcuate deltas are the Niger (Nigeria), Nile (Egypt) and Hwan – Ho.

(ii) Bird’s Foot: This delta consists of very fine materials referred to as “silt” with several long distributaries like the foot of a bird extending into the sea. The Mississippi Delta and the Delta of Omo River in Ethiopia are good examples.

(iii) Estuarine Delta: This delta is formed from materials deposited in the submerged mouth of a river. It takes the shape of the estuary. A typical example of this type of delta can be located in River Seine (Netherlands) and River Vistula (Poland).

(8ai)
{CHOOSE ANY BEST 4}
(i) GPS is widely used for navigation in vehicles, ships, and airplanes. It helps users determine their current location, find the best route to a destination, and provides real-time directions, making travel more efficient and convenient.

(ii) GPS coordinates to hide and seek containers, called “geocaches” or “caches,” at specific locations around the world.

(iii) GPS is used to track the movements of wildlife and study their behavior. It also aids in monitoring and managing environmental changes and natural disasters.

(iv) GPS technology is extensively used in surveying and mapping applications, such as creating accurate maps, land surveying, and construction planning.

(v) GPS is used for accurate mapping, crop monitoring, and precise application of fertilizers and pesticides, leading to increased efficiency and reduced environmental impact.
(6b)
(i) It is good for transportation. i.e. Ports.
(ii) It is equally good for petroleum m ining.
(iii) Delta provides a good agricultural land especially for cultivation of rice, oil palm and raffia palm. e.g. River Niger.
(iv) It is also good for fishing.

(4bi)
Lapse rate: Lapse rate is defined as the rate of change in temperature with altitude or the decrease in air temperature as one ascends into the atmosphere. Therefore, Lapse rate is described as 0.65°C per 100m of ascent or 6.5°C per 1000m of ascent.

(4bii)
Inversion: Temperature inversion is defined as the increase in temperature with increasing altitude. Temperature could be lower at sea level, especially in valley ms almost enclosed by mountains than at height above such valleys.

(4biii)
Dew Point: It represents the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor, leading to the formation of dew, fog, or clouds. In simpler terms, it is the temperature at which the air would need to be cooled for water vapor to condense into liquid water.
*GEOGRAPHY ESSAY ANSWERS*

5ai)Weathering is breaking down rocks, soil, and minerals as well as wood and artificial materials by contacting the atmosphere, water, and biological organisms of the Earth.

5aii)water
oxygen
acids
organisms
carbon dioxide

5b)
PICK ANY THREE
. *Solution* : On coming in contact with water many solids disintegrate and mix up as suspension in water. Soluble rock forming minerals like nitrates, sulphates, and potassium etc. are affected by this process. So, these minerals are easily leached out without leaving any residue in rainy climates and accumulate in dry regions.

. *Carbonation* : Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and soil air is absorbed by water, to form carbonic acid that acts as a weak acid. Calcium carbonates and magnesium carbonates are dissolved in carbonic acid and are removed in a solution without leaving any residue resulting in cave formation.

. *Hydration* : Minerals take up water and expand; this expansion causes an increase in the volume of the material itself or rock. Calcium sulphate takes in water and turns to gypsum, which is more unstable than calcium sulphate. This process is reversible and long, continued repetition of this process causes fatigue in the rocks and may lead to their disintegration.

. *Oxidation* : In the process of oxidation rock breakdown occurs due to the disturbance caused by the addition of oxygen.

. *Reduction* : When oxidised minerals are placed in an environment where oxygen is absent, reduction takes place. Such conditions exist usually below the water table, in areas of stagnant water and waterlogged ground. The red colour of iron upon reduction turns to greenish or bluish grey.
*NECO GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS*
===============================================

(5ai)
Weathering refers to the process of breaking down rocks, minerals, and other substances on the Earth’s surface into smaller pieces or altering their composition through physical or chemical means.

(5aii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Temperature
(ii) Moisture
(iii) Oxygen
(iv) Carbon dioxide
(v) Acid rain

(5b)
(i) Oxidation – The chemical reaction between oxygen and minerals causes them to break down into smaller pieces or change their composition.
(ii) Hydration – Water molecules in the atmosphere combine with minerals, resulting in the formation of new minerals, or altering their existing composition.
(iii) Carbonation – Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with certain minerals, causing them to dissolve or break down into smaller pieces.

======================================================

(7ai)
Renewable resources: These are natural resources that can be replenished or regenerated within a human lifespan or at a faster rate than they are consumed. They are considered sustainable as they can be used without depleting the resource itself. Examples of renewable resources include solar energy, water, wind power and plant life.

(7aii)
Non-renewable resources: These are resources that come from a finite source that cannot be replenished in a short period of time. Examples include fossil fuels (such as oil and natural gas), uranium, and gemstones.

(7b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Reduced air pollution and water contamination resulting from the extraction and burning of non-renewable resources.
(ii) Increased energy security since reliance on renewable energy sources reduces the vulnerability to price unpredictability associated with non-renewable resources.
(iii) Increased economic development and job creation since renewable energy requires significant investments in technologies, engineering, construction and operations.
(iv) Reduced water use since non-renewable resources usually require more water for extraction and utilization.
(v) Reduced land degradation due to the extraction of non-renewable resources, such as mining and drilling.
(vi) Reduced greenhouse gas emissions since renewable energy does not typically produce as much carbon dioxide (CO2) as burning fossil fuels.

======================================================

(8a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Navigation and mapping: GPS enables accurate positioning on maps, allowing individuals to find their way and plan routes.
(ii) Surveying and mapping: GPS assists in surveying and mapping operations such as measuring distances, angles, and slopes.
(iii) Vehicle Tracking: GPS can be used to track objects or vehicles in real-time, allowing for efficient fleet management and improved security.
(iv) Disaster Management: GPS plays an important role in early warning systems for natural disasters like floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes.
(v) Goods Tracking: GPS is used to track the movement of goods to ensure they reach their destination safely.
(vi) Agriculture: GPS can be used to facilitate precision farming by providing vital information about local soil, terrain, and climate conditions.

(8b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Data Acquisition: Both GIS and Remote Sensing systems are used to acquire data which is then used for various applications.
(ii) Spatial Analysis: GIS uses data collected by remote sensing systems to perform spatial analysis, such as analysis of land use or population density.
(iii) Creation of Maps: GIS and Remote Sensing are used together to create maps with geographical and other features.
(iv) Updating of Maps: Remote sensing image data is used to update existing maps and make new maps.
(v) Decision Making: GIS is used to visualize data collected from remote sensing images to make informed decisions.

(8c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Lack of Infrastructure: There is a lack of adequate infrastructure for the proper implementation of GIS in Nigeria, such as access to quality Geographic Information data and reliable internet connections.
(ii) Cost Issues: Developing and implementing GIS projects in Nigeria can often be expensive due to the cost of hardware, software, training, and personnel required.
(iii) Limited Resources: There is a lack of skilled personnel and resources to implement GIS projects in Nigeria.
(iv) Data Issues: There is a shortage of quality geographical data available for GIS projects, or the data is often outdated.
(v) Security Risks: If GIS is not properly implemented, there is a risk of unauthorized access to sensitive data.
(vi) Technological Limitations: There may be technological limitations that prevent the full utilization of GIS or hinder its effectiveness.
*GEOGRAPHY OBJ*
01-10: AAEBDBDCDD
10-20: ECBBAAAEDA
21-30: AECDACDBAC
31-40: BADDADDDEC
41-50: BCADDEDEAA
51-60: EACDBDACBE

*COMPLETED*✅
*NECO GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS*

(1)
[img]https://i.ibb.co/S38W1B6/geo-1a.jpg[/img]
[img]https://i.ibb.co/zsGyYf9/geo1b.jpg[/img]

====================================================

(2a)
[img]https://i.ibb.co/5jzLVqY/2a-geo.png[/img]

(2b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Solstice means longer days in summer and longer nights in winter while Equinox means equal days and equal nights
(ii) Solstice occurs on June 21st and December 22nd while Equinox occurs on March 21st and September 23rd
(iii) Solstice could be summer or winter while Equinox could be spring or autumn

(2c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) The length of the lines of latitudes decrease with distance from the equator.
(ii) All lines of latitude are circles parallel to the equator.
(iii) The equator is the starting point for measuring latitude and is designated as 0 degrees latitude.
(iv) The maximum latitude is 90 degrees, which occurs at the North Pole (90 degrees North) and the South Pole (90 degrees South)
(v) The spacing between lines of latitude varies with the distance from the equator.

=======================================================

(3i)
Fold mountains are created where two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed together. At these colliding, compressing boundaries, rocks and debris are warped and folded into rocky outcrops, hills, mountains, and entire mountain ranges. Fold mountains are created through a process called oroge.
[img]https://i.ibb.co/tQVyx4q/FOLD-MOUNTAIN-1.jpg[/img]

(3ii)
Volcanic mountains form through volcanic activity, where magma rises to the Earth’s surface through vents or fissures. Eruptions release lava, ash, and gases, building up layers around the vent. The accumulated materials shape the mountain into a cone with steep slopes and a pointed summit. These mountains are typically found in subduction zones or hotspots, where tectonic plate movements create intense heat and pressure, leading to the formation of magma. Over time, recurrent eruptions can add to the mountain’s height and change its appearance.
[img]https://i.ibb.co/yf3RYfc/Volcanic-mountain.jpg[/img]

(3iii)
Block mountains are formed by the displacement of crustal blocks along faults. Tectonic forces uplift one block, creating steep cliffs, while the adjacent block sinks, forming a gentler slope. These mountains often occur in regions with significant tectonic activity, where large faults accommodate the movement of the Earth’s crust.
[img]https://i.ibb.co/sJLD8W2/Block-Mountain-MAIN.jpg[/img]

================================================

(4a)
(i) Convectional rainfall: In areas intensively heated, hot/warm air rises accompanied by rise in relative humidity. Rising air becomes saturated and water vapour condenses with cloud formed quickly and heavy rains accompanied by thunder and lightening. It is characterised by heavy winds, lightening and thunder. Rain falls within limited areas usually in the afternoons. Clear skies immediately after the rain and hailstone may occur.
[img]https://i.ibb.co/QQf4Qxr/CONVECTIONAL-RAINFALL-main.jpg[/img]

(ii) Relief or Orographic rainfall: Moist air is forced to rise above a mountain/relief barrier usually on the windward slopes of mountains. Rising air expands and becomes cooler and relative humidity rises and air becomes saturated. Water vapour condenses, cloud is formed with rainfall on the windward slope and descending air on the leeward side.
It is associated with mountainous regions with even distribution of rainfall over a highland. Windward area has rainfall while leeward side has little or no rainfall and associated with ascending and descending wind.
[img]https://i.ibb.co/Hr8QjsH/RELIEF-OROGRAPHIC-MAIN.jpg[/img]

(4b)
(i)Lapse Rate:
The lapse rate refers to the rate at which the air temperature changes with altitude. It is usually expressed in degrees Celsius per kilometer (°C/km) or degrees Fahrenheit per thousand feet (°F/1000 ft). The two main types of lapse rates are the environmental lapse rate and the adiabatic lapse rates.

(ii) Inversion:
Inversion is a weather phenomenon where there is a reversal of the normal lapse rate. Instead of the temperature decreasing with altitude, it starts increasing. Inversion layers act as a lid, trapping cooler air near the surface under a layer of warmer air aloft. This inversion layer prevents vertical mixing of the atmosphere, leading to stable atmospheric conditions.

(iii) Dew Point:
This is the temperature at which the air becomes saturated with water vapor and starts to condense into liquid water, such as dew, fog, or clouds. When the air temperature cools to the dew point, it reaches 100% relative humidity.

=================================================

(5ai)
Weathering is the natural process by which rocks and minerals are broken down and disintegrated into smaller particles and dissolved substances due to exposure to the atmosphere and various environmental factors.

(5aii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Water
(ii) Temperature
(iii) Acidity (pH)
(iv) Mineral Composition

(5b)
(i) Hydration: Hydration is a chemical weathering process that involves the absorption of water molecules into the crystal structure of minerals. When water is incorporated into the mineral lattice, it causes the mineral to expand, leading to the physical disintegration of the rock. One common example is the hydration of feldspar minerals, found in many types of rocks.

(ii) Oxidation: Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which minerals react with oxygen in the atmosphere. This process leads to the breakdown of certain minerals, particularly those containing iron, such as ferrous minerals turning into ferric minerals. The rusting of iron is a familiar example of oxidation in action.

(iii) Carbonation: Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere or dissolved in water combines with water to form carbonic acid. This weak acid reacts with minerals like calcium carbonate (found in limestone and marble) to dissolve and break them down. Over time, this process can create features like caves and sinkholes.

=================================================

(7ai) Renewable Resources:
Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished or regenerated naturally within a relatively short period, either through natural processes or human intervention. They are considered sustainable as their availability is not exhausted as long as they are managed responsibly.
Examples:
(i) Solar Energy
(ii) Wind Energy

(7aii) Non-renewable Resources:
Non-renewable resources are natural resources that exist in limited quantities and cannot be replenished or regenerated at a rate that keeps up with their consumption. Once these resources are depleted, they are no longer available for future use.
Examples:
(i) Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas
(ii) Minerals and Metals such as iron ore, copper, and aluminum

(7b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Sustainable Usage: Conservation practices ensure that non-renewable resources are used efficiently and sparingly. This sustainable approach extends the availability of these resources, allowing them to meet current and future demands.

(ii) Environmental Protection: Conservation helps in reducing the negative environmental impacts associated with the extraction, processing, and use of non-renewable resources. This includes minimizing habitat destruction, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.

(iii) Economic Stability: Efficient use and conservation of non-renewable resources contribute to economic stability. By extending the lifespan of these resources, it prevents price volatility and supply shortages, benefiting industries and economies reliant on them.

(iv) Transition to Renewable Sources: Conservation encourages the exploration and development of alternative, renewable energy sources. As non-renewable resources become scarcer or more expensive, there is greater motivation to invest in renewable technologies, fostering a more sustainable and cleaner energy future.

==============================================

(8a)
(i) It provides real-time location information and helps users find the most efficient routes to their destinations.
(ii) It allows surveyors to accurately determine coordinates and elevations of points on the Earth’s surface, aiding in the creation of detailed maps.
(iii) In agriculture, it enables farmers to map and monitor their fields, optimize irrigation and fertilization, and precisely target areas requiring attention.
(iv) GPS is crucial for emergency response and search and rescue operations. It helps responders locate and navigate to accident sites, lost individuals, or disaster-stricken areas.

(8b)
(i) Data Integration: GIS and remote sensing are complementary technologies that often work together. Remote sensing provides valuable data and imagery from satellites or aerial platforms, while GIS serves as a tool to store, manage, analyze, and display this data in a spatial context.

(ii) Spatial Analysis: Remote sensing data, such as satellite imagery, provides extensive coverage of the Earth’s surface. GIS tools allow users to extract valuable information from these images by performing spatial analysis, such as land cover classification, change detection, and identifying patterns and trends.

(8c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) One of the challenges facing GIS applications in Nigeria is the availability of accurate and up-to-date geospatial data.
(ii) Inadequate infrastructure and limited technology such as unreliable internet connectivity and modern computing resources affects the application of GIS in Nigeria
(iii) Lack of qualified staff
(iv) financial implications of hardware and software
(v) Insufficient awareness of decision-makers on GIS